PESTEL Analysis (Coca Cola Bottlers Philippines Inc.) Essay

Political Factors Political examination analyzes the current and possible impacts from political weights. The non-mixed drinks falls in the classification under the FDA and the administration assumes a job inside the activity of assembling these items. As far as guidelines, the legislature has the ability to set likely fines for the organizations that didn't satisfy their guideline law prerequisite. The adjustments parents in law and guidelines, for example, bookkeeping norms, tax assessment necessities and ecological laws and outside purviews may influence the book of the organization just as their entrance in remote nation. Other than that, the adjustments in the idea of business as non-mixed drinks can increase serious item and evaluating pressures and the capacity to improve or keep up the offer in deals in worldwide market because of activity by contenders. The political states of the nation are additionally premise of the investigation, particularly in inner markets and other administrative chan ges that influences their capacity to infiltrate the creating and developing markets that includes the political and financial conditions. In any case, Coca Cola consistently checking the strategies and guidelines set by the legislature. Monetary Factors Monetary investigation analyzes the nearby, national and world economy sway which is likewise incorporates the issue of downturn and expansion rates. The non-mixed refreshment industry has high deals in nations outside the U.S. As indicated by the Standard and Poor’s Industry studies, â€Å"For major soda organizations, there has been monetary improvement in many significant universal markets, for example, Japan, Brazil, and Germany.† These business sectors will keep on assuming a significant job in the achievement and stable development for a dominant part of the non-mixed drink industry. Social Factors The adjustments in the public eye influence the association, for example, changing in ways of life and perspectives of the market. Purchasers from the ages of 37 to 55 are additionally progressively worried about sustenance. There is an enormous populace of theâ age run known as the children of post war America. Since many are arriving at a more seasoned age in life they are getting progressively worried about expanding their life span. This will keep on influencing the non-mixed refreshment industry by expanding the interest generally and in the more beneficial drinks. The interest for carbonated beverages diminishes and this pulled down the incomes of Coca Cola. Mechanical Factors Innovation is the primary focal point of the investigation where the presentation and the developing mechanical methods are esteemed. This makes open doors for new items and item upgrades as far as showcasing and creation. As the innovation progresses, new items are brought into the market. The progression in innovation has prompted the production of cherry coke in 1985 however purchasers despite everything inclines toward the customary taste of the first coke. Natural Factors Natural examination analyzes the neighborhood, national and world ecological issues. As indicated by the information of the Coca Cola Company, the entirety of the offices are carefully observed by the natural laws forced by the legislature Lawful Factors Lawful perspective spotlights on the impact of the national and world enactment. The Coca Cola Company gets all the rights appropriate in the idea of their business and each creation and item improvements are continually going into the protected procedure.

Clifford thinks Pascal and James are wrong Essay

Clifford thinks Pascal and James aren't right - Essay Example This needs clarifications: in the event that we have confidence in God and God exists, we stay honest; on the off chance that we trust in God and God doesn't exists, we despite everything stay blameless; on the off chance that we don't have faith in God and God doesn't exist, we can’t be certain that we stay honest as we can’t know without a doubt if God exists; on the off chance that we don't have faith in God and God exists, we are liable. In this way, it is smarter to put stock in God, than not to accept and in this manner, as indicated by Blaise Pascal, everyone ought to have faith in God. The William James has a comparative perspective. He additionally expresses that we ought to put stock in God and sitting tight for proof isn't directly for people. Trusting that any proof will choose if to accept or not may lead us to much misfortunes. As indicated by the savant, if a man dithers to propose to a lady sitting tight for proof that she is his optimal, he dangers to lose her as she may acknowledge the suggestion of another person. The equivalent is with religion and conviction. James expresses that those individuals who accept may appreciate the life of strict individuals and the individuals who don't may lose this opportunity. Blaize Pascal and William James are certain that individuals ought to put stock in God. William Clifford can’t concur with them. It doesn't imply that this rationalist expresses that we ought not trust in God, yet he consider us to include some uncertainty and states that it is essential as it is our obligation. He gives a guide to clarify why: a boat proprietor had an old boat. He realized that it was old and he additionally realized that a few people would have a journey on its board. He didn't have whenever or offices to fix his boat and he liked to place his trust in Providence that would not have permitted individuals to kick the bucket. Accordingly these individuals kicked the bucket as the boat was broken. This affirms daze faith in Providence may prompt catastrophe. â€Å"If a man, holding a conviction which he was instructed in adolescence or convinced of a while later, holds down and drives away any

Myspace (& other social network sites) predator problems--how can they Essay

Myspace (and other informal organization locales) predator issues - how might they be settled - Essay Example imed at systems administration and being in contact with family members and companions, most importantly long range informal communication is exceptionally celebrated and today is a major business. Unfortunately, trick specialists, kid molesters, and sexual stalkers have seen that these destinations can likewise be abused to discover casualties. MySpace is one of the locales where predator is a major issue. MySpace is an interpersonal interaction site simply like facebook. Nonetheless, there have been various instances of sexual stalkers and youngster molesters acting like kids to connect with youthful casualties on MySpace (Zilney and Zilney, 2009). As of late, MySpace was additionally found to be undermined by assailants spreading malware on abused profile destinations. These have prompted MySpace making strides and executing safety efforts to limit this issue however clients are as yet expected to be wary and mindful. Predators were in this manner a major issue to MySpace not just in light of the fact that it prompted expanded instances of rapes yet in addition demise cases were on high rate. In any case when placing into thought expanded instances of predators; informal communication destinations have utilized various endeavors to eliminate the quantities of predators on the web. For example, they have built up an email library that would allow guardians to restrict their youngsters making on the web profile for such systems. Person to person communication locales would likewise make the default profile setting for 16 and 17-year-olds on their site â€Å"confidential â€Å" with the goal that they must be reached by people they know henceforth making it hard for predators to discover them (Krinsky, 2008). As per Hansen (2008), they utilize an outsider to assemble a library of email addresses offered by guardians who need to confine access of their kids to the sites, and will square anybody utilizing email address recorded in the vault from joining or making a client profile. Laws have additionally been executed to oversee and address this issue and all systems administration destinations have consented to follow them and

A Funny Thing About William

A Funny Thing About William A Funny Thing About William A Funny Thing About William By Maeve Maddox US Social Security records show that the five most mainstream boys’ names in 1915 were John, William, James, Robert, and Joseph. In 2014, the best five were Noah, Liam, Mason, Jacob, and William. Not just has William stayed a mainstream given name for a long time, it has gotten doubly famous with the newcomer Liam. Liam is another rendition of William. Of Germanic source, William is a compound of the Old German component vila, â€Å"will† or â€Å"resolution,† and rudder, â€Å"helmet.† The name can be interpreted as â€Å"helmet of resolution† and happens in various structures in various current dialects: German: Wilhelm English: William Irish: Ulliam (abbreviated to Liam) French: Guillaume Spanish: Guillermo Italian: Guglielmo Portuguese: Guilherme As per an article at MooseRoots (a lineage inquire about motor), in 2014, William was the most mainstream name given to infant young men in 14 states, and Liam the top name in 17 states. The article recommends that William is progressively well known in the South and Liam in the North, yet a more critical glance at the state-by-state measurements given on another piece of the site shows that in a few of the states where Liam is number one, William is not far behind. In eleven states, both William and Liam rank in the best three: Idaho Iowa Kansas Maryland Minnesota Missouri North Dakota Oklahoma Utah Virginia Wisconsin Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary classification, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†3 Cases of Complicated HyphenationHow to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

Process Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Procedure Principles - Essay Example Mancala's Pizzas throughput time is 16.4 minutes. The organization right now has overabundance limit since request midpoints at just 20 pizzas her hour (Appendix 2).However, it is assessed that the organization's interest will twofold if conveyance administrations are advertised. This option is planned for wiping out the bottleneck in Mancala's Pizza's creation procedure. This will be finished by doling out the tosser to shape the pizza shells preceding their utilization. It ought to be noticed that all things considered, the gathering of fixing and the hurling and embellishment of pizza will be disposed of in the new creation process (Appendix 3). This will diminish the throughput time to 14 minutes for each pizza. It will likewise permit the organization to create a limit of 36 pizzas for each hour which depends on the most extreme limit of its six stoves (Appendix 4). The fundamental hindrance of this option is the way that the Mancala's Pizzas may experience aversion in the piece of the tosser. It ought to be noticed that in this new creation process, the tosser is wiped out in the genuine creation process and will be preceding available time. The organization will likewise need to haggle with the constructing agent as he needs to gather the fixings before it tends to be hurl and shaped by the tosser. In this way, he will likewise be allocated to come before activity hours will even now be there to aid the tasks to collect the pizza. In this new procedure, Mancala's Pizza faces the danger of bringing down the nature of its pizza. The newness of the item may be antagonistically influenced. Likewise, as pizza shells are reliant on the inclination of the clients, the organization needs to have a precise gauge of interest per pizza shell all together for the constructing agent and tosser to create the correct ones. The organization may either experience wastage or lack of stock if the correct shells are not delivered. 2. Mancala's Pizza will expand request by conveying pizzas legitimately to client. The conveyance of Pizza is relied upon to twofold the interest for the organization's items. This will be advantageous for Mancala's as it will produce more income and benefits for its activities. It will likewise empower the business association to completely use its assets and utilize its abundance limit. In any case, it ought to be noticed that the present assets are not sufficient to help an interest of 40 pizzas 60 minutes. Accepting that elective 1 is as of now set up, the organization is restricted to the creation of 36 pizzas just which is dictated by the limit of its broilers (Appendix 4). Proposal and Conclusion It is suggested that Mancala's Pizza push through with the two other options. Wiping out the bottleneck underway will permit the business orga

The Differences Between Binge Eating and Overeating

The Differences Between Binge Eating and Overeating Eating Disorders Diagnosis Print The Differences Between Binge Eating and Overeating By Jennifer R. Scott Jennifer R. Scott is a weight loss writer. She designed her own successful weight loss plan, which helped her safely lose 50 pounds in about a year. Learn about our editorial policy Jennifer R. Scott Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS on January 26, 2020 Rachel Goldman, PhD FTOS is a licensed psychologist, clinical assistant professor, speaker, wellness expert specializing in weight management and eating behaviors.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS Updated on February 12, 2020 Andrey Popov / Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Awareness and Prevention Do you know the difference between binge eating and overeating? If you occasionally overeat and the habit is becoming more frequent, you may be concerned that your habit has turned into unhealthy binging. Here we explain how to differentiate between the two. What Is Binge Eating? Binge eating disorder (BED) is a serious but treatable condition that involves recurrent episodes of consuming large quantities of food. BED was formally added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) in 2013.   What constitutes a binge? This word is often used to describe an episode of heavy drinking. However, it can mean something different when the substance that is overconsumed is food. In some instances, the habit of binging can be classified as binge  eating disorder (BED). Binge eating disorder consists of persistent and reoccurring episodes of eating large quantities of food. In addition to eating large food in excess and to the point of discomfort, the condition is also characterized by feeling out of control when eating and a sense of shame or guilt over the behavior. According to the American Psychiatric Association, to be diagnosed as binge eating disorder, binge eating episodes must occur is at least once per week for three months. Episodes of overeating that are classified as binge eating can significantly and negatively impact your health and well-being. So it is important to identify the signs and symptoms of binge eating disorder and get help if necessary. How a Binge Eating Disorder Is Diagnosed Symptoms of Binge Eating Disorder How do you know if your  overeating is just an occasional overindulgence or a serious binging issue? Some health experts may consider isolated episodes of binge eating to be normal. But if a habit of binge eating starts to have a significant impact on your life, it should be cause for concern. Learn about the  diagnostic criteria for binge  eating disorder  to help you determine if your overeating might be considered a disorder. The two main symptoms of the condition are: Eating a larger than normal amount of food over a short period of time  Feeling that this eating behavior is out of control The binge-eating episodes are also marked by three or more of the following symptoms: Feeling uncomfortably fullEating faster than normalEating when not hungryFeelings of disgust, guilt, or sadnessEating alone out of embarrassment In order to be diagnosed with the condition, people must also experience marked distress, not engage in compensatory behaviors such as purging, and experience at least one binge eating episode once a week for three months. What Is Overeating? It is also important to distinguish between binge eating and overeating. In a general sense, binge eating differs from normal overeating in several ways: Food is consumed more rapidlyControl over the amount of food consumed is lostFeelings of disgust, regret, or guilt are experienced after the episodeEating may occur alone due to embarrassment over the amount of food consumed Those who have a binge eating disorder may say they feel a loss of control over what and how much they eat during an episode of overeating. Some binge eaters say they feel driven to  eat as if it were a compulsion that cannot be ignored. Some binge eaters may hide food in odd places or even steal food from others. People may also eat alone due to feelings of embarrassment or shame over how much they eat. There are no set guidelines for how much food is too much to be considered normal overeating. If you overeat on one or multiple occasions, you may want to ask yourself a few questions. Are you eating an amount of food larger than what most people would eat under the same circumstances and in the same amount of time?How do you feel after you overeat? The feelings binge eaters experience during and after overeating range from intense pleasure to disgust. Another key difference between overeating and binge eating: A sense of disgust does not make a binge eater stop eating. An overeater will likely listen to that voice and stop eating. An example of overeating would be getting up to get seconds during a holiday meal. An example of binge eating would be eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time and feeling as if you were out of control. In general, binge eaters tend to eat more often than those who experience the occasional bout of overeating. Note that continually snacking throughout the day (grazing) is not considered binge eating. How to Get Help If you feel that your eating habits are unhealthy and/or if your eating is causing marked distress, there is good news. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy are proven to be effective treatments for binge eating disorder. Some medications may also be a valuable part of treatment. Ask your doctor for advice or look for professional help in your community. By finding a qualified counselor, such as a licensed clinical social worker or psychologist, you will take an important step toward gaining control of the eating disorder. To find a qualified counselor in your area, visit the American Psychological Association  website. An Overview of Eating Disorders

The Psychological Profile of Abigail William - Free Essay Example

Taking a look inside a persons brain processes will explain areas of the brain the person has used in making his or her decisions. Taking those factors into consideration will either validate or invalidate ones actions. In Arthur Millers play The Crucible, Abigail William is known as a vengeful and manipulative liar to the reader. During the play, there are few psychological factors made known about the accusers and the accused. People in town did not question the girls intentions, but those who did take the dancing in the woods, the girls fears, and the vengeful side of Abigail William into account. Abigail Williams actions are influenced by her nature, developing adolescent brain, and the repressive society she lives in that created the hysterical mentality, and if receives the proper medical treatment and therapy, she may be able to live a fulfilling life. From the very beginning, the nature surrounding Abigail Williams initiates reasons for her actions. More accurately, the nature feeds Abigail Williams all the greater reasons to act the way she is, as her lies grow. When the townspeople show enthusiasm towards the lies, the more Abigail is encouraged by their reaction. She is so encouraged by the enthusiasm, that in the process of being in the hysterical mindset somewhere in the process, she loses self-awareness of what she is doing. Abigail forming the group of girls who share her fear of punishments begins to think and act the same. By being in a group, not only eases the girls mind from their fear, but also ensures that even if they are discovered of their lies they will not be facing punishments alone. All the girls act as if they are one person that shares the same mind as shown in the court staring full front as though hypnotized and mimicking the exact tone of Mary Warrens cry (107). By imitating Mary Warrens words and action s, the girls are able to convince the judges in court that there is indeed an evil spirit flying around town that is telling them of their evil deeds. Through nature, Abigail Williams faced sociological factors that surround Salems religious views and Court. The people especially pride themselves of their religion and their religious views. Since the town is created based upon their religion, and because people in town grew up in such confinement to those guidelines, that guides their actions, they forget their unique characteristics. So when the topic of witchcraft is brought up into town, it sets in among all classes when the balance began to turn towards to a greater individual freedom (6) someone like Abigail William who disrupts their peace and wants to seek out her true desires. Such adamantly rigid society of course implies that any form of individuality will be considered subversive and dangerous (Bonnet). No one in town prepares themselves for a rebellion because everyone believes that no one could have bloomed from anything if there is no seed to bloom rebels to begin with. Abigail begins the state of bedlam in town, so w hen people are accused of witchcraft people believe it because it did not matter to them whether the people are innocent or not, they just want to purge any form of sin and possibility of individuality. People lose their senses of morality when facing such scenario. Abigail is aware of this weakness and that is why she keeps going with her lies until other people come to the awaken of their morality sense. Playing in a safe environment in which the children felt free to express themselves without fear of negative repercussions (Burman, Sondra, and Paul-Allen-Meares) is not offered to the girls or kids in Salem. The girls fear the punishments so their actions are guided by their fear. Mary Warren knew the power Abigail holds over the court, so when John Proctor continuously encourage her she reacts by staring in horror: I cannot! (109). Throughout the court scene, Mary Warren thought that to survive the whole trial she needs to follow the person who held the most power, that is Abig ail, and so she succumbs herself to her fear. Making the most contribution to Abigail Williams actions, is her adolescent brain. Her brain explains the cause to her irrational and impulsive thinking. The reason that starts all this chaos is her decision to outweigh the rewards for making accusations than the possible consequences for lying. Given the power to lie, Abigail takes the opportunity right away without a second thought, as the adolescent mind has yet to comprehend all the brains area that specialize in planning. Abigail has indirectly admitted envy is deadly sin, Mary (106) as though that confession is more for herself rather than to Mary. She is driven by her greed for John Proctor. People in the grip of unfulfilled needs or desires and therefore emotionally fraught (Evans xvii), Abigail is filled with desires for someone who she knows she should not be involved with, but for that reason it draws her in to the mess. The whole trial gave her the sensation of excitement that intrigues her to continue her act. Like teens typically outweigh the reward to an action over future consequence. To her, the nineteen lives meant nothing if she achieves what she wanted achieve since the beginning. However her unhappy needs will become a net that will enmesh them all (Evans xviii). The end result of the play portrays that because of her selfish desires nothing was achieved and instead the worst possible outcome came true which force Abigail to flee town for a better chance of escaping death punishment. The repressive society, that is Salem, is credited to Abigails greed for power and wants. Starting with the fact that females in Salem are not given the permission to have a say or action to anything at all. For the women, such as Abigail, witchcraft may be a way of asserting their will and their power in a system centered on and dominated by men (Bonnet). Historians have found that the majority of those who profess to witchcraft are women. This shows that women only profess to such practice is because they seek for power in any way or form they can. Through the confession of witchcraft and the trial, Abigail felt a sense of power and control for the first time. Not only did Abigail feel the power and control, she had but a sense of freedom where she is allowed to express her emotions openly. All these feelings are foreign to her because before the trial Abigail was just another servant with no say or control about anything at all. A strict society like Salem does not allow individuals to have the privilege of individuality because the people in town fear that when an individual shows independent characteristic, they are opposing the peace in town. A a very closely knit society, consequently, prone to a certain amount of intolerance towards any form of opposition or dissent (Bonnet). Recalling the dancing in the woods, the people look upon such action as a sign of rebellion from the girls. When the topic of a murdering witch among us, bound to keep herself in the dark (15) brought up in town, it creates the feeling of betrayal because in a place like Salem individual, who dares to repress their intentions in a Society where secrets are not allowed, is considered a criminal. The secrecy makes the people paranoid, which eventually causes the hysterical mentality. The townspeople feel as if they cannot trust anyones words. They choose to go along with the hysteria because they are given the opportunity to express what they have been repressing and the ability to act out on their true greed. The trial is as if a breath of fresh air, pungent of the greed and evil intentions the people, had stored up. It also acts as a mask that covers up the peoples evil goods. A man cannot organize his social life without repressions, and the balance has yet to be struck between order and freedom (7). A persons social life needs the balance between order and freedom. Order to guide proper function, but at the same time freedom to freely express oneself. Comparing Abigail William to a real life example of a victim who goes through post-traumatic stress disorder, the comparison shows sign of similar symptoms which explains most of Abigail Williams actions to why she acts the she does in the play. A person with post-traumatic stress disorder would have the same recurring memory of the event that causes the trauma. Abigail has confront to the girls that she saw Indians smash [her] dear parents heads on the pillow next to [hers] ( 19) goes to show the reader how often she thinks about such event and the effects it has on her. The lost of her parents led her to be deprives of affection and intimate relations. When a child witnesses his or her parents death, he or she will finds it difficult to trust a person he or she meets. If discourages by a guardian of any social interaction the child will faces future consequences of the lack of social life. So when Abigail opens up to John Proctor, the relationship they form is the closest thing A bigail has to the feeling of being need. John Proctor to Abigail is the light of [her eye] (22). She looks John Proctor as someone she can depends and be presents when she needs him. Abigail exclaiming that [she] look for John Proctor that took [her] from [her] sleep and put knowledge in [her] heart! (22). Abigail misses the kind of person, John is to her, a person who would not lie and confine her of her individual qualities. This creates Abigails reasons to go against the court and spourt lies about their people because she simply believes that Salem is at fault for the reasons why John leaves her. When a child of post-traumatic stress disorder is denied of something, his or her first reaction would involve violence towards the people around them. Abigails way for coping with John leaving, is to take revenge against the people in town. Had Abigail received proper therapy treatments as a child, she would not have reason to come up with her lies and have an unstable mindset. For a child who has post-traumatic stress disorder, the child would be required to go through cognitive-behavioral techniques such as role modeling, observational learning of appropriate behaviors (especially self- control and handling anger) by behavior rehearsal in groups, and social skills training in peer groups were incorporated into the treatment (Burman, Sondra, and Paula Allen-Meares). Unfortunately for Abigail William, none of what is listed seem to be present for her. She especially lacks a role model. Her uncle, Reverend Parris, plants fear of what would happen if the words got out about her dancing in the words naked, but the reason for him to say such things are because he fears when the words do get out his reputation would be ruined. From the very beginning, Abigail was never taught or exposed to positive and appropriate behaviors that would have help her reflects on her actions. By taking the nature perspective, developing brain and repressive society that Abigail William lives in, allow readers to form an opinion whether her actions can be validate or invalidate by taking all those factors into consideration. It is unfortunate to learn that Abigail was not offered help by those who knows about her past and for that reason she can not be the best person she can be. Before judging a persons action, one must take everything about the person into perspective and then determine whether the persons action can be reasonably explain.

Islamic Opinions on Questions of the Debt Market - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3722 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The chapter is divided into five sections and at the end of each section the Islamic opinion is outlined on the questions being examined. First, we discuss on government debt, second; private sector debt, third; external debt and fourth; debt financing from the firms point of view and finally draw some conclusions. Government debt consists of two parts. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Islamic Opinions on Questions of the Debt Market" essay for you Create order Internal debt (which, we also refer to as the public debt) and the external debt. Public debt is the debt owed by the citizens of a country in a collective capacity (i.e. as the government) to themselves in their individual capacities. This is quite distinct from the debt owed by the government to citizens and governments outside its jurisdiction. The term national debt, it is often suggested, should be reserved for this other category of debts. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC DEBTS Public debts are incurred through public loans, which may be classified in various ways. In the first place, a loan may be either voluntary or compulsory. The chief advantage of a voluntary loan, as compared with a tax, is that different lenders are free, according to their circumstances and inclinations, to subscribe as much or as little as they please. But this disadvantage is lacking in a forced loan, which must be compulsorily subscribed on the same basis as a tax. The chief advantage of a tax, as compared with a voluntary loan, is that it leaves behind it no trail of charges for interest and repayment of principal. But this advantage is lacking in a forced loan, though the rate of interest on the latter may be lower than on a voluntary loan. In the second place, the conventional two way classification into short and long term debts, therefore, appears to rest on an attempt to distinguish between these highly liquid instruments and less liquid ones. Treasury bills are usuall y taken as typifying short term securities. These can in fact be taken to be the most liquid of government debt instruments. This is because: they are usually issued for 91 days or less during which time the risk of serious depreciation in the value of money is likely to be minimal; they can be sold easily on the market without any undue risk of loss; they are readily acceptable to the banks at face value as security for loans because of their near money nature and they are discountable at the central bank. Within this liquidity framework, the medium term debts can also be subsumed into the two way classification. Thus, in so far as medium instruments do not have the features of liquidity given above, it will appear that the proper place for them is with the long term instruments. However, occasionally, medium term installments are issued subject to conditions of easy discountability similar to the case of the short term instruments. In that case, the liquidity charac ter of such medium instruments becomes so enhanced so as to qualify them for inclusion in the short term category. THE ISLAMIC VIEWS ON PUBLIC DEBT In general, the governments need for debt performance mainly arises for three different reasons. It needs short-term finance to bridge the time gap between expenditures made and revenues collected or received. This need is presently met by the sale of treasury bills. Secondly, it needs medium and long-term finance for industries in the public sector as well as public utilities like transport, electrification etc. Lastly, it needs huge financial resources to meet natural calamities or to mobilize defense expenditure during a war. From the first case above, there is no net productivity or actual return involved out of which a share could be ascribed to the money capital borrowed. Since a price is already set on loanable funds in the investment market, the government has to pay interest for these short-term loans, usually obtained by selling treasury bills of short maturity. The interest paid eventually comes out of the tax revenue. Since the lenders are moneyed people and it is they who pay most of the taxes in a welfare state, it amounts to taxing the same class of people to pay them interest. The cost of administering the tax to the extent that it is related to interest payment must, therefore, be regarded as a social waste as well as an extra burden on this class necessitated by this irrational arrangement. Financing public sector industries and utilities, through interest-bearing loans suffers from the same irrationality which attends investment in the private sector. The value productivity of investment in the public sector is as uncertain as it is in the private sector, hence guaranteeing a positive return to the supplier of money capital is unfair. It amounts to transferring the entire burden of possible losses to the society as a whole, while assuring the suppliers of money capital of a guaranteed increment to their wealth. Most of the huge public debts that the modern governments are carrying originated during wars that were financed by raising i nterest-bearing loans. It is argued therefore that the state should either raise funds by taxes or, if these are not sufficient, by compulsory interest-free borrowing from individuals and business. These should be in accordance with income and/or wealth and should be amortized over a specified period of time from war taxes. Such taxes should continue even after the war, perhaps at a lower rate, until the debt has been fully amortized. The emphasis has to be on the careful evaluation of government expenditures and the elimination of as much fat as possible. Every effort should be made to increase efficiency in government spending and reduce wastefulness and corruption. It would be more appropriate for an Islamic state to finance all its normal recurring expenditure out of tax revenues. For this purpose, there is generally no justification for deficits under normal circumstances. Deficits essentially imply postponing the payment for services received by the present generation to future generations. Since the future generations, like the present one, do not wish to pay for past deficits and also wish to postpone even a part of their own burden to the future, the public debt burden continues to rise exponentially. The argument that postponing is for services to be enjoyed by future generations is not valid. In the case of government consumption or wasteful expenditure and war financing, the increase in internal public debt no doubt represents the transfer of the burden to future generations. Even in the case of government capital formation, it must be borne in mind that the present generation is receiving benefits from projects financed by past generations. It would be fair to expect that the present generation, like past ones, would leave behind more capital than it has received. The financing of all consumption spending as well as a part of the capital outlays out of lax revenues would not lead to a continual and rapid expansion of the public debt as has b een the case in most developed as well as developing countries. The easy availability of credit to governments on the basis of willingness to pay interest has led to loose financing by governments. Banks pay little attention to how borrowing countries were managing their economies and how their loans were being used. Very often governments borrow for a short-term because under normal circumstances short-term loans are easier to get and can be rolled over smoothly. The tragedy is that the funds raised through debt are not used for investment in real assets but simply to meet current expenditures, to purchase unnecessary defense hardware, or to finance projects having no economic justification. The result is a steeply rising mountain of dead-weight debt with a continuing rise in the debt-service burden. The resort to debt is made more and more as a means to put off painful, belt-tightening decisions. But greater borrowing now leads to even more borrowing in the future to maintain t he economy on its path of artificial growth and to continue the debt-service payments. To conclude this section, it is however, inevitable that the Islamic state must, of necessity, tailor its expenditure policy carefully and try its utmost to make the best use of available resources. This will be possible only if wasteful and unnecessary spending is avoided. This would necessitate that defense outlays be held within reasonable bounds, wasteful expenditure be eliminated, corruption be kept under control through moral reform of the society, and welfare spending be designed, not to enrich the vested interests but, in conformity with the teachings of Islam, to help those who are really in need. In spite of this policy of honest austerity, the Islamic state can and should have reasonable deficit levels. One way of meeting these deficits would be equity financing of projects which are so amenable. If every effort is made to reduce waste and finance government projects on an equity basis to the extent feasible, the excessive borrowing now being resorted to may not be necessary. Equity financing would, however, demand maximum efficiency and discipline in the management of such projects which unfortunately is not the case in most public sector projects. Deficits which need to be incurred even after the introduction of austerity and equity financing may be financed, in national emergencies, by compulsory lending to the government and, in normal times, by borrowing, partly from the commercial banks and partly from the central bank. The borrowing from the central bank should be within the limits dictated by the goal of price stability. It needs to be clearly stated that there is no escape from sacrifice and austerity, if economic development and general well-being are to be pursued. PRIVATE SECTOR DEBT The ultimate goal of debt policy is to influence the liquidity of the private sector in such a way that will lead to the achievement of the desired goal. This can be successfully done if the participation of the private sector is sufficiently large to form a significant proportion of their assets holding. If it is very low, for example, issue or retirement of debt will hardly go any way to influence their liquidity structure and thus effect a change in their economic behavior. It will appear therefore that a very important problem of debt management is to ensure as much participation of the private sector as possible. To start with, let us attempt to analyze briefly the various factors that influence the investment decisions of different categories of investors in the private sector. DEBT (BOND) FINANCING FROM THE FIRMS POINT OF VIEWS A firm, wishing to raise funds to meet its financing requirements, has a variety of alternatives available for consideration. It may issue common stock, bonds, preferred stock, convertible debentures, and so on, to raise funds. There are different types of bonds which have varied features. A bond is a promissory note issued by the firm to an investor. Firms, of course, do not issue bonds in  £1,000 denominations one at a time. Rather, after assessing its financing requirements the firm will issue millions of pounds worth of bonds and sell them to thousands of investors. Each new debt issue is governed by an indenture or contract between the borrower (the firm) and the lender (the investor). The contract agreement contains covenants or terms and provisions such as the interest rate, maturity date, redemption price, safeguards for lenders, and so on. Bonds can be either registered or bearer bonds. The holder of a registered bond has the bond recorded in his name in the compan ys book and receives the interest payments automatically. A bearer bond is not registered in anyones name. The bond possessor is the assumed owner also. Bearer bonds have coupons attached lo them. At scheduled dales these coupons are redeemed by the owner for the interest payment. Typical types of bonds include mortgage bonds, debentures, subordinated debentures, and income bonds. It is not necessary here to explain the different types of bonds given the subject of this book. ROLE OF DEBT IN THE FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF A FIRM In modern business organizations capital requirements are so immense that a single source of finance is insufficient. Therefore, we notice that large corporations in general have a diversified ownership structure. But what is somewhat difficult to understand is that these organizations use different kinds of financing methods. The question then is, why do firms obtain funds through different forms of financial instruments? In particular, why do firms use both debt and equity to finance their capital needs? Now suppose the owners of a firm purchase some capital input this year which will produce some output next year. Suppose, furthermore, that if the input level is y, next years output, which for the sake of simplicity may be assumed to consist of the same goods, is (pFfvj, where p is some parameter which may be a random variable. Consider the following two financing possibilities open to the owners of the firm. They can borrow an amount y this year, pay back (1+r) y next year, where r is the rate of interest, and keep the residual, namely tyF(y) (l+r) y. Alternatively, they can sell a claim to some portion of next years output up to a value of y and then, when next years output is produced, they can settle the claim and keep whatever is left. Thus we have two possible methods of finance which apparently yield two different returns to the owners. The first of these is called debt financing (or bond financing) and the second equity financing. Controversy started after the Miller-Modigliani theorem which states that the value of the firm is independent of its financing decisions. This result was questioned given the fact that most firms have some amount of debt and equity in their capital structure. Many writers have tried to place the role of debt in a firms capital structure by relaxing the assumptions of the Miller-Modigliani theorem. In the beginning, efforts centered on the no-bankruptcy and no-taxes assumptions. If the probability of bankruptcy is positive (and it is costly to go bankrupt) then firms and individual borrowers cannot have equal access to credit markets. Firms can issue debt at a lower rate than individuals and this raises the value of the firm. On the other hand if debt payments are tax deductible then again, debt would be cheaper relative to equity. Many authors like Stiglitz, Jensen and Meckling and Grossrnan and Har have a relaxed and a somewhat different assumption of the Miller-Modigliani theorem: that the firms production function is independent of its financial structure. Stiglitz, Jensen and Meckling consider the situation of an investor who has access to an investment project but does not have sufficient funds to finance it. If the investor raises funds by issuing equity, then as he will have a less than 100% interest in the project he will not manage it as carefully as he would had he been a full owner. If, on the other hand, the investor issues debt his incentive to work is reduced much less sinc e, except in bankrupt states, he gets the full benefits of any increase in profits. Thus to Stiglitz, Jensen and Meckling, debt is a way of permitting expansion without sacrificing incentives. Suppose for example a firm has decided to drill an oil well. Suppose further that the firm has to raise the funds from outside sources. If the firm issues debt then it has to pay a fixed sum of money to the lender while if it issues equity then the lenders own a share in the oil well. Finally, assume that it is costly for the lender to monitor the performance of the project. If the lender relies on the reports of the firm there might be an incentive problem: the firm would tend to under-report the projects performance. DISADVANTAGES OF DEBT (BOND) FINANCING Mathur believes that financing with debt increases the finns financial risk because of increased levels of fixed charges in the form of interest expenses. During adverse conditions a firm can stop its dividends. However, a firm encountering adverse conditions cannot avoid its interest payments. The presence of interest-bearing debt in the firms financial structure increases the firms exposure to bankruptcy. Debt financing involves dealing with indentures and covenants. The conditions and requirements imposed on the firm by bondholders may limit the firms financial mobility in future years. There is a limit to how much debt financing by a firm is going to be deemed acceptable by the firms creditors. If a profitable firm is 100% equity-financed, it normally would not have any problems with additional equity financing. However, even if a firm is profitable, investors may be reluctant to buy its new bonds if they feel that the firm is already over leveraged and has a high financial risk. A firm that exceeds or tries to consistently exceed industry-accepted norms for debt financing may find the market very unreceptive to its new financing instruments, irrespective of whether they are bonds or common stock. ISLAMIC VIEWS ON DEBT FINANCE We have to consider the relationship between the creditor and debtor from the perspective of the creditor. He is always concerned about the safe return of the principal lent along with the interest stipulated. The best way to ensure this is to advance money only to creditworthy borrowers who have enough assets to fulfill their commitments. The creditors interests are best served when the borrower has the ability to meet his obligations irrespective of the fate of the actual project in which the loan is to be invested. Even if the project seems to be sound he will hesitate to make a loan if the borrower does not have sufficient assets independent of the projected enterprise. Debt finance goes to the most creditworthy parties, not to those with the most promising projects. Since the financiers get only the market rate of interest as stipulated in their contract with the borrower, the prospects of the entrepreneur making a higher than average rate of profit are not of immediate releva nce to them. What matters more for them is safety, which may at best require a reasonable expectation of making enough profits to pay the contractually fixed interest. Let us turn our analysis and consider the creditor-debtor relationship from the perspective of the debtor. The user of investible funds is naturally keen to employ them as profitably as he can. This may sometimes require innovation and experimentation with new methods of production. But the contractual obligation to repay the principal and pay interest irrespective of the results of enterprise acts as a severe constraint. This is true of small farmers and small-scale enterprises that do not have any reserves of their own to fall back upon in cases where the adoption of new practices does not yield good dividends. The refusal of the supplier of capital to share the uncertainties involved deprives the society of possible gains in the productivity of capital through innovation and the adoption of new techniques. We have argued above that in an interest-based system of financing productive enterprise, expected profitability ceases to be effective in ensuring an efficient allocation of investible funds because of the terms on which these funds are supplied. We shall now proceed to argue that the debt financing method is unjust and results in a mal distribution of income and wealth in society. The entrepreneur, for example, tries his best to make profits since his own rewards always rest on his making a profit. The possibility of loss in a business enterprise arises not only from the quality of entrepreneurship but from the nature of the world in which the enterprise is carried out. Therefore, there is no justification for prescribing a certain return when in the nature of things it is uncertain. Money capital seeking a positive return through enterprise ought to and must tear this uncertainly. When the enterprise incurs a loss the entrepreneur is made to tear the loss and pay the interest out of his own assets. This may result in his disability insofar as future entrepreneurial activities arc concerned. From the social and individual point of view this is very unfortunate. As we have mentioned above, the incidence of loss docs not necessarily imply bad entrepreneurship. It is in the nature of the world around us that some enterprises sometimes fail. It is sufficient to caution the entrepreneurs that in the case of failure they go unrewarded for their entrepreneurial services, earning no profits. But to disable them by depriving them of part of the assets accumulated in the past is hardly justified. It encourages the wealth owners to act as lenders and renters rather than expose their wealth to entrepreneurial risks, either directly by investing them in owner-enterprises or indirectly by offering them as collateral against loans obtained for enterprise. In a system of debt financing, the wealthier owners who choose to lend and wait, steadily grow richer over time whe reas wealth owners who choose to expose their wealth and abilities to the risks of producive enterprise have no such guarantee. Also the contractual commitment (between the entrepreneur and the financier) to repay the loan with interest is not in harmony with the reality. There is no justification for obliging the entrepreneur to pay interest if there is no positive return on the money capital invested. To claim the contrary, as prevalent in the interest-based system, requires that money capital be regarded as essentially of productive value; but this is not the case. Value is a market phenomenon and not an intrinsic property of money capital. Given the uncertainty of prices of the products the total value resulting from the employment of money capital in production may be more than, equal to, or less than its own value. This is true irrespective of who employs the money capital, its owner or someone else to whom it is advanced. The injustice of the interest-based system to th e savers and creditors becomes much more pronounced in an inflationary situation. When the rise in the rate of interest may lag far behind the rise in prices and profits, depositors may actually get a negative return if the rate of interest is lower than the percentage rise in prices. The lending rates of the banks also fail to keep pace with rising prices, leaving businessmen to collect the profits.

The Syrian Conflict And The European Refugee Crisis

The Syrian Conflict and the European Refugee Crisis In the past few months Europe has received the most amounts of migrants and refugees since the end of the Second World War. The majority of refugees seeking asylum in European countries are from the war-torn state of Syria. The destabilization of the Middle East from the Arab Spring and intervention from western nations has led to violence, poverty, and fear to spread throughout the region. Since the mid 1960’s, Syria, the nation nestled within the cradle of civilization, has been ruled by the Al-Assad regime, who govern with an iron fist. The quasi-dictatorship within Syria had not been challenged until the Arab Spring began in 2011, where many totalitarian regimes were toppled through protest and revolution. The Arab Spring has resulted in the ousting of rulers from Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen, with uprisings and civil wars taking place in countries like Algeria, Iraq, and of course Syria. 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Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury - 1099 Words

In the book Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury strongly criticizes government control and the loss of freedom in a totalitarian government. Every citizen is a thoughtless drone in the community with no sense of creativity or individuality. Bradbury expresses total domination through different types of censorship; the act of burning books, the role of firemen, and outcasts such as Clarisse. As a result, a dystopian society is formed and the citizens have no independence of their lives. The first reason Bradbury criticizes government control and the loss of freedom is the cruelest type of censorship, an orderly destruction of burning books. In society, citizens were not allowed to possess any books. In the first amendment, it states that all citizens have the freedom of speech. However, in the society Bradbury creates, the citizens were imbecile, they could not think for themselves thus, had no freedom of speech. Since books gave humans the knowledge to think and read, without the books, they were useless. However, the government did not force the citizens to stop reading, books gradually died out because people took no interest in them. The government then enforced a law to official ban all books. â€Å"It’s not the books you need, it’s some of the things that once were books† (Bradbury 84). Faber is telling Montag that books have no importance at all, it’s all the words and knowledge inside the books that is really meaningful. Furtherm ore, Bradbury shows how the men at the end of theShow MoreRelatedFahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury719 Words   |  3 PagesThe flash point of paper, or the temperature at which paper will burst in flames, is 451 degrees Fahrenheit. In Fahrenheit 451, written by Ray Bradbury, the main character, Guy Montag, is a â€Å"fireman† in a futuristic society where he and his coworkers start fires, rather than put them out. 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Thanks to several distributors and oversensitive parents and teachers, Fahrenheit 451 has been banned in many schools overRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury954 Words   |  4 Pages In Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, the author uses allegory (often misinterpreted by readers) to show the dangers of mass media consumption and the decline of reading traditional media. Many readers draw incorrect conclusions (lessons learned) from the book due to how generally the book applies its theme. Government censorship, though an important topic, is not the intended focus of the novel Fahrenheit 451. Finally, Bradbury’s original message of the book shows the beauty of traditional media andRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1592 Words   |  7 PagesWhen writing the introduction to Fahrenheit 451, author Neil Gaiman stated that â€Å"ideas--written ideas--are special. They are t he way we transmit our stories and our thoughts from one generation to the next. 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The New Frontier of Automobiles - 500 Words

The New Frontier of Automobiles Machines running, hammers dropping, and drills drilling are the sounds of Henry Ford’s revolutionary assembly line. Henry Ford grew up in the late eighteenth century during the industrial revolution. There were no electric lights, only gas lamps and candles. Horses and trains were the only cost effective way of transportation for the public. When Henry Ford was a child, he saw a steam driven car on the road and was mesmerized. At this point, he knew he longed to become a mechanic that works on cars. At the age of sixteen, Henry Ford got a job as an apprentice machinist in Detroit at the Detroit Dry Dock Company. Three years later he returned to work on the family farm, and became adept at operating the†¦show more content†¦The purpose of making a car affordable to the average man was an incredible task taken on and completed by Henry Ford. His creativity made him famous and respected throughout the world. Henry Ford, an American industrialist proved, not only to America but to the world that a car can be affordable to the so called, â€Å"Everyday Man†. â€Å"Henry Ford did not invent the car; he produced an automobile that was within the economic reach of the average American† (Sorensen 1). Subsequently, Henry Ford’s assembly lines were used in World War II to make equipment for the army. His car company, Ford, still produces one of the most durable and most cost effective car on the planet. In fact, every big car franchise today uses Henry Ford’s one hundred year old assembly line in order to manufacture safe and efficient transportation for everyone. Seeing that, Henry Ford’s moving assembly line has grown more complex because the parts and variety of vehicles being built continue to evolve. As a matter of fact, more automakers continue to improve the assembly line with flexible tooling, virtual engineering and robotics in order to keep up with th e demands of the twenty-first century with ambitions of making Henry Ford’s one hundred year old technology better. Above all, making the automobile less expensive was an achievement in the engineer world, and as Henry Ford said, â€Å"Coming together is a beginning; keeping together is progress’ working together is success† (â€Å"Henry†Show MoreRelatedThe Invention Of The Automobile1051 Words   |  5 PagesThe Invention of the Automobile, A Turning Point in History One could argue that one of the best inventions of the 1900’s was the Model T Ford or Tin Lizzie. The invention of the automobile has certainly left an indelible mark on the American Society. Consequently, the automobile has become the center of an extraordinary industry with the assembly lines and mass production techniques. 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Introduction * Tenth largest in the world * Expected to overtake China * Huge attraction for foreign car manufacturers * Dominated by domestic companies * Contributes 3.1% to the nominal GDP 3. Interesting Figures India’s motorcycle market is the second largest in the world Largest three-wheeler market Read More2.What Is Psychographics?. Psychographics Is The Study1153 Words   |  5 Pagescommonly known as study of ‘lifestyle’ of consumers. It plays an important part in building consumer behaviour and helps in the promotion of those products and services which are related to items of personal care, fashion, automobiles, telephone services, alcoholic drinks, news papers, magazines, food products like milk, tea, coffee. In a country of the size of India where life style differs widely from region to region the study of consumer psychographic is of great significance to marketer. The

When Consultants and Clients Clash Free Essays

When consultants and client clash: Problem Essay Statlers have failed to get their clients to acknowledge the differences in thinking about the merger. The rationale behind every merger is that the sum is greater than the parts. Typically, clients identify synergies for the merger and from then on consultants suggest the decisions necessary for attaining them. We will write a custom essay sample on When Consultants and Clients Clash or any similar topic only for you Order Now The synergy cited in this case, economies of scale, is only possible if the two firms worked together as a single unit. Susan Barlow ¶s lack of experience in conducting with clients and failure to understand the need for merger coupled with Kellogg ¶s ineptness in handling sticky situations has led to the current state. Susan, in her initial briefing with Mr. Kellogg, started off on a wrong note. First, she patronized the entrepreneur-turned-CEO, accepted his list of interviewees and even agreed to his deadlines. If she was any experienced, she would have been more pro-active, played the role of a devil ¶s advocate to explore other views about merger and understand its need. More importantly, as John Rau suggests, she would have done independent fact finding which would give her an idea about who to talk to. Another important task she missed out was talking to Mr. Carpenter and exploring his views about the merger. If she had any knowledge about mergers she would have replied to Mr. Kellogg ¶s remarks on mergers and explained to him that acquisitions have far higher success rates than  µmergers of equals ¶. All these point to her lack of expertise in mergers and inexperience with conducting with clients. Royce Kellogg acknowledges how he always relied on Mort Meyer to deal with people problems. Further, his naive view of the merger, which is so far only an agreement between two heads, reinforces his skewed understanding of the problem. In response to numerous calls from employees, who had already been given heads-up, Kellogg was quick in drawing conclusion that consultants are stirring up trouble rather than understand the underlying causes. Mr. Kellogg ¶s belief that derivatives are harder than the assignment Susan is currently dealing with shows how little interest he has in organizational issues and understanding their importance. With only Mort ¶s death triggering the merger, it was pretty thin to start with. For two firms with almost equal share operating on similar lines of business, the only value that could be derived out of merger is to cut the costs through staff reductions and higher scale of operations. To realize this, one of the firms needed to be an underdog and everybody, including the consultants missed this entirely. Kellogg spoke about mergers of equals without realizing how dangerous it was. This evidence strongly suggests the desperate need for mergers and acquisitions expert. Hence, any corrective measure should start with bringing in an expert on mergers into the team. Statler should start with a fresh slate by bringing in a new team to work on the project and let go of the costs for the initial two weeks. This will also greatly alleviate Kellogg ¶s anger and frustration with the consultants. The new policies that should govern the Kellogg Champion should be centered on cutting costs and achieving a merit-based organization structure rather than keeping a set of policies and disregarding the other. How to cite When Consultants and Clients Clash, Papers

Systems and Methods Graphical User Interface †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Systems and Methods for Graphical User Interface. Answer: Introduction The design of the user interface can be considered as the design factor of the computer, websites and applications with its main focus on the experience of the user and the interaction factor with the implementation. The report puts direct focus on three good interface designs and three bad user interfaces. Virtual reality is in the verge of frontier territory taking into consideration the UX and UX. The main concept behind the implementation of the technique was that working on the flat screen doesnt do a good job when related to Virtual reality. On the other hand building up of a useful and effective virtual reality application that can be used for hours without the concern of motion sickness was a challenge. So taking into such consideration product that Google Tilt Brush came into existence. This user interface would directly help in building up 3D painting in an environment which is virtual (Qin et al., 2016) The interface can be used in iOS and Mac. This interface is mainly a popular task management application which is rewarded an award for the design that intuitive and very easy to pick up, it is very similar to, to do list concept. As stated by the creator its main motive behind the implementation was to make life easier. The application can help to categorize a user the task assigned for the day. The urgent task go into the today list, slight less urgent task go into next and accordingly its schedules the task. This interface is mainly used by fitness oriented people for cyclist and runners. Meter. ME has a type of interface which can be stated as typographical user design of interface with the main implementation of simple swiping gestures that indirectly enables the user to navigate through the options while they are in motion rather than fiddling with the menus and setting. The interface helps in displaying relevant data which is sorted and accordingly displayed in real time, tracked and then condensed the report format for references (Bi and Zhai 2017). The apple company has not released any sales figure for the Apple watch which can be a negative aspect from the view of the company. The main reason behind it can be that the user interface in which the Apple watch is made is very complicated to use. There are mainly eight way to interact with the interface: tap or hold the bottom screen, hard press the screen, knob on the side and tap the screen normally (Sullivan et al., 2016). The worst scenario requiring learning a mental map with regards to the tiny watch screen which is laid out like an inverted T. recent notification appears as a vertical list scrolling. The USS Vincennes control System Bad interface can be a drawback which may involve waste of time, money and mood, but in the some cases it can even cost life. On July 3, 1988 a U.S navy a war plane fired two missiles at a particular airline and killed all 900 passengers who were on board (Felt et al., 2016). The navy caption based the decision of firing on the basis of a computer display of Aegis, which is the navy combat system (Chen, Paul and Proepper 2017). The interface usually provided three huge screens showing all the airplanes in the air but didnt give any indication of the flight speed, altitude and the speed. With emphasis on the operation which summon that information manually and it would appear on a screen size which was of 12 inch screen. On the other hand it did not give any information about the plane gaining and losing altitude information. In the year 2007 the BMW Company attempted a very ambitious activity. It nearly assigned around 700 cars with a function of a crazy knob between the two seats a knob that could push, turn or bump in any eight directions as indicated. The overall system was recognized as iDrive and it turned to be one of the biggest interface disasters for the company. Putting emphasis on the new users learning the BMWs idrive concept was very much disheartening and was considered surely to be daunting task for the owners (Gold et al., 2016) Conclusion It can be concluded from the above report that the user interface has many advantage that can be related to many aspect but on the other hand it also have some bad affects on the overall approach of the concept References Bi, X. and Zhai, S., Google Inc., 2017. Display screen with graphical user interface. U.S. Patent D785,037. Chen, Paul, and Martin Proepper. "Display screen or portion thereof with graphical user interface." U.S. Patent No. D777,177. 24 Jan. 2017. Felt, M., Gharachorloo, N., Relyea, D.H. and Sharma, M., Verizon Patent and Licensing Inc., 2017. Systems and methods for casting a graphical user interface display of a mobile device to a display screen associated with a set-top-box device. U.S. Patent 9,706,241. Gold, J., Vaccaro, B., Peschan, M., Drzewinski, M. and Neal, J., Makerbot Industries, Llc, 2016. Display screen with graphical user interface. U.S. Patent D749,129. Qin, J., Bek, R., Gaiser, J.W. and Utley, D.S., Mederi Therapeutics, Inc., 2017. Graphical user interface for monitoring and controlling use of medical devices. U.S. Patent 9,675,403. Sullivan, K., Rodrig, M. and Baber, J., Microsoft Corporation, 2017. Display screen with graphical user interface. U.S. Patent D788,145.

Migraine Headaches Are The Result Of A Disturbance In The Neurochemist Essay Example For Students

Migraine Headaches Are The Result Of A Disturbance In The Neurochemist Essay ry of the central nervous system. They are relatively common, affecting three times as many women as men. Migraine sufferers typically report a definite pattern to their headaches, and they can report what stimuli bring them on. Most migraine sufferers experience their first attack before the age of 20. There is no single cause of migraines, but the tendency to get migraines does tend to run in families. When a migraine occurs, it means that something has altered several of the neurotransmitter-sensitive receptors located on the outside surface of the nerve cells (neurons) so that the nervous system is no longer able to constantly maintain the natural balance that the nervous system is intended to maintain. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that nerve cells (neurons) use to communicate messages to each other. Receptors are special areas that receive these chemical messages. The key neurotransmitter in migraine is called serotonin (often referred to in the scientific literature as 5-HT or 5-hydroxytryptophan). If something interferes with the normal functioning (production, release, receptor docking, and/or re-uptake) of serotonin, that disrupts the normal functioning of the nervous system and can lead to various symptoms associated with migraine. The severe pain associated with migraine occurs when the mechanism that normally inhibits and/or mediates pain is disabled. There is no actual tissue damage occuring during a migraine attack. Instead, the pain results from a deranged neurochemistry. Migraine pain is like a loud fire alarm bell ringing when there is no fire. Scientists suspect that a caffeine withdrawal could be the possible cause of common migraines. Why? Well, caffeine is a powerful psychoactive drug that is addictive. Caffeine withdrawals produce all the same symptoms as migraine. Chronic caffeine use causes a number of changes to the central nervous system. Caffeine use increases the number of some types of serotonin receptors and some types of adenosine receptors as well. Adenosine is another neurotransmitter; adenosine strongly inhibits serotonin release. Chronic caffeine use increases the number of adenosine receptors.(The body is trying to compensate for the constant presence of caffeine, which occupies and blockades adenosine receptors and thus interferes with adenosine reception.) When caffeine is withdrawn, however, the chronic caffeine user is left with too many adenosine receptors. Having too many adenosine receptors is equivalent to having too much adenosine. As a result, serotonin release is inhibited and this leads to migraine symptoms. As you know there are many drugs used against migraine. Many of these drugs contain caffeine, for good reason: caffeine relieves migraine by reversing caffeine withdrawal. Migraine drugs that contain caffeine include Fiorinal (40mg caffeine), Fioricet (40mg caffeine), Excedrin (65mg caffeine), Anacin (32mg caffeine), Cafergot, Norgesic Forte (60mg caffeine), and others. Sumatriptan (Imitrex) is effective in relieving migraine attacks presumably because the sumatriptan molocule mimics (is very similar to) the serotonin molocule, and thus is called a serotonin agonist (helper). Sumatriptan, in other words, makes up for the shortfall of serotonin by occupying certain types of serotonin receptors. Sumatriptan is called a selective serotonin agonist because it has a greater affinity for (sticks more to) certain types of serotonin receptors than others. Other drugs, such as Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft, are intended for the treatment of depression but they also seem to reduce frequency and/or severity of headaches including migraine (although they are not as effective as sumatriptan against oncoming migraine attacks). These drugs are called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which means they interfere in the reuptake of serotonin back into the interior of the nerve cells (neurons). To understand what reuptake means you need to understand that neurotransmitters, once released, must be quickly grabbed and transported back into the interior of nerve cells for reuse. That must happen to clears the boards for the next message. If something (like Paxil) interferes with re-uptake of serotonin, that makes more serotonin available to dock with serotonin receptors. That explains why these anti-depressant drugs help reduce migraine to a certain extent. .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9 , .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9 .postImageUrl , .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9 , .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9:hover , .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9:visited , .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9:active { border:0!important; } .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9:active , .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9 .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9006ecd4d2535304af160f031483a9f9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Antigone - Creon as a Tragic Hero EssayIf caffeine withdrawal causes migraines then there is a way to end your migraines without surgery. You would have to either quit caffeine entirely or else maintain consistent daily caffeine intake. To do either you would need to be aware of all caffeine sources in food, drink, and medications. It can be done.

A Street Car Named Desire Essays

A Street Car Named Desire Essays A Street Car Named Desire Essay A Street Car Named Desire Essay Essay Topic: A Streetcar Named Desire A Streetcar Named Desire, the obsessive need to escape from reality defines the protagonist Blanched Dubos. Haunted by the fact that she incited the suicide of her young husband, Blanched is unable to cope with what has since become of her life. She relies on fables and illusions to reconstruct a more socially acceptable self. However, the antagonistic relationship between Blanched and Stanley Kowalski threatens her fantasy, as he continuously confronts her with reality and threatens to shatter the illusions others have about her. Stanley represents complete realism and Blanched is fantastical and idealistic. Thus, the interactions between the two are clearly representative of the struggle between reality and fantasy in the play. A struggle in which reality triumphs as Blanched ultimately becomes unable to differentiate between the truth and her lies. From the very beginning of the play, it is clear that the world Blanched lives in a fantasy land. A world in which her indiscretions and lack of wealth do not affect her status as an aristocratic lady. Blanche aims to cover her fading looks by covering the bulb with a paper lantern. This could be suggestive of trying to cover the truth. Blanche says that she still has a sense of vanity over her looks even though she is aware that her looks are slipping suggesting that shes insecure which would be relatable to the audience. This is significant as Blanche often lies about her age in the play and is portrayed as a compulsive liar. It presents the idea that Blanche lies to achieve the sense of security that shes missing. But when the audience learn that the dark is comforting, this implies the idea of keeping people in the dark so that she may carry on her fai ade. This all would lead the reader into perhaps forming a conclusion that you would form in fai ade in a situation where you feel like you dont comfortable in terms of the way you are, so generally construct a fai ade to fit in. However you could argue that Blanche does the opposite and this is demonstrated through the way in which she acts to be superior to others around her. Her acts of superiority are shown through small gestures and when through stage directions the audience become aware that shes Fanning herself with a palm leaf and wearing tiaras. The fact that Blanche has many different attributes makes her conceivably more real in my point of view. Through the concept and idea of vanity that Blanche shows could represent every woman, which applies even more in the 21st century where it is clear that vanity and appearance are everyday important issues. Through the way she acts by Fanning herself with a palm leaf in that scene indicates that she feels important, which is what everyone initially wants and causes the interpreter to sympathise. When she suggests that she hasnt put on one ounce in 10 years as being a huge accomplishment it evokes the interpreter to reference to magazines articles, especially womens magazines as they are obsessed with weight and their magazine strongly focuses on looking good, but for whom? Another highlighted theme in the play is male dependency. His is shown through the fact that both the main female characters in the play require a male presence to achieve happiness. It is possible that Blanche may be trying to become her sister in terms of settling down and that the relationship between Stella and Stanley makes Blanche feel pity upon herself for not having someone of her own. This could also suggest why Blanche is so intent on looking good so that she may attract male suitors. Referring to Stella also being dependant on men is made obvious by Williams because in many scenes Stanley is portrayed as physically abusive, but Stella still goes back to him. Blanche even tries to convince her that she can do better Youre not old! You can get out. But Stella still decided to stay with Stanley. From this the audience receive the impression of Stella has chosen Stanley over Blanche or Blanches idea and it could be to do with the fact that the future that Stanley represents is more secure than the one promised by Blanche. Blanche views marriage to Mitch as a means of escaping destitution. The many encounters with men, Strangers have left Blanche emotionally scared but also with a poor reputation. Blanche tries to hide this reputation as it makes her unattractive which is when Mitch finds out he rejects Blanche by saying I dont think I want to marry you no more saying that shes not Clean enough to bring home to his mother. After this failed attempt Blanche thinks of Shep Huntliegh who might rescue her. Blanche is so dependant on men that she hasnt realised the rational aspect where she is independent and learns to rescue herself. It is apparent that through the course of the play Blanches dependency on the kindness of a stranger leads to her downfall rather then salvation as it puts her fate into the hands of others. Williams could be intending to put through a moral teaching through the character of Blanche in the play; dont be too reliant. Both Blanche and Stella are symbolic of reliant/ dependant women. This could have caused strong emotional issues to be raised by feminist and women today, as there is more freedom. But historically makes sense since the feminist act didnt come around till the 1960s, so women wouldve been reliant for a male breadwinner. Williams highlights the concept of new versus the old in the play and Blanche herself is symbolic of old values and the feudalist epoch. She represents a system where there is hierarchical structure based on status that is achieved through family reputation. Blanche is a relic of the old south, the America that was beginning to fad away. This is revealed through Blanches expectation for her sister when she asks You have a maid, dont you? implying that in Belle Reeve the DeBois wouldve been familiar to a life where privileges like maids, would be common. This concept is important in the play as it shows the constant struggle between the Old South trying to remain alive and become a part of New Orleans which is at most a part of the new Industrialised era. Her struggle to keep this part of her alive is made apparent when she states on her birthday that Stanleys commonness isnt necessary when Stanley throws food, showing that she is still trying to uphold manners and common curtsy which is lacking. If Blanche is representative of the old America, then Stanleys representative of the new line of industrial labourers. In this sense Stanley is symbolic of the new. He believes that he is equal to Blanche in terms of status, perhaps even greater due to the fact that he is referred to as the new heterogeneous worker, who work to achieve everything they possesses. He states that he is one hundred per cent American And proud of it. His suggests that his behaviour is due to the fact that he believes that he is representative of the real America whereas Blanches representation offends him as it disregards meritocracy, which leads him into saying everyman is a king. This could be to further elaborate the difference between him and Blanche as she views herself as royalty but Stanley is actually the king of the house. Williams presented the theme of fantasy versus reality into the play. This is hugely significant as we see Blanche going mental and drowning herself in her lies and fantasies to a point where shes lost control of her mind. It is obvious that Blanche prefers her fantasies and lies as she mentions I dont want realism, I want magic, which could be her pursuit of chivalric hero, which she cant seem to find. It could also be the fact that she is better staying tangled within her fantasies since her past may be viewed as traumatizing; witnessing deaths, losing her love, losing Belle Reeve etc his trauma suggests that she seeks to be protected from which is even more obvious when Blanche mentions that Mitch is a cleft in the rock of the world that I can hide in. The connotations associated with rocks are that they a hard and tough which is symbolic in terms of how life is. If Blanche is symbolic of fantasy than Stella is symbolic of reality. Due to this fact there could be a possible consensus formed that Stella is more sensible than her sister. She realises immediately that Blanche and Stanley do not see eye to eye, and are both stubborn which leaves her to be the voice of reason. Immediately when things start going wrong she mentions that people have got to tolerate each others habits, she indirectly suggests that Blanche also has to get used to Stanleys habits in order for their household to be sustained. Williams has portrayed Stella as the normalising force in the play and shows and highlights her as a nurturing being especially towards Blanche. Stella symbolically is a mother figure for Blanche as she aims to protect her. Although Blanches elder than Stella, Stella still makes attempts to protect her sister since she is fully aware of her loss when younger. This could be the reason that she looks at Blanche with a Pitying look which Blanche has also noticed. She is aware of Blanches likes and dislikes and therefore stops at twenty five candles, knowing that she is insecure about her age and growing old. Although Blanche also tries to baby her little sister, through Stellas eyes it is evident that she is in the need of support, like she explains to Stanley she was tender and trusting as she was and people like you abused her. Forced her to change. This is suggestive of the fact that maybe Stella has known more than she lets on to anyone else and has made links between what she said before in the play about getting the attention of men. Baths are used as a method of cleaning and washing of dirt. Using the same aspect Williams uses baths to be symbolic of Blanche trying to rid herself of all the dirt and pain of the memories in her past. She explains that a hot bath gives her a brand new outlook on life. These baths help to cleanse herself of her odious past. Yet she is unable to erase her past and to calm her nerves and therefore her bathing is never done. This helps the audience understand the constant struggle that Blanche has to escape her regrets. Stanley takes a shower after the first poker night to soothe his violent temper in which he strikes his wife. After the shower when his temper has been erased he longingly calls out for his wife. In this aspect the shower is a system used for personality change. Williams has also cleverly incorporated another aspect in his play which is has significance. In scene seven, Blanche sings the ballad Its only a paper moon while she bathes. The song is about the way love turns the world into phony fantasy and suggests that if both lovers believe in their fantasy it is no longer make-believe. Blanche can relate to the lyrics since they sum up her approach to life. This suggests that for Blanche lying is the only means of enjoying life and therefore is harmless. Some may argue that due to this Blanche uses fantasies and lies as a self maintenance strategy. Seeing that Blanche is singing Its only a paper moon whilst bathing produces a sense of irony since Stanley and Stella and discussing Blanches sexually corrupt past. The reason for the irony is that Blanche is referring to her understanding of herself in terms of fantasy, while Stanley is focusing on Blanches past and reality. The fact that Williams juxtaposes this fact highlights it further, producing a comparison to be drawn by the audience. Alcohol is largely included in the play. There is some form of drinking in every scene but for different reasons. For Blanche it is a tool of escapism and a method which she can withdraw from harsh reality through. She also often lies about the amount of which she consumes since it doesnt fit the image of the fai ade that shes trying to pull off. Williams makes it clear that she does drink in front of people but says its to calm her nerves for example when shes about to meet Stanley, she asks for no coke due to her nerves. It seems that all Blanche ever seems to do is to lie, drink or bath. Blanche drinks due to self pity but we see Stanley who also likes to drink a lot, consumer for more social reasons. He drinks with his friends, during the poker night and to celebrate the birth of his child. But for both of them their drinking leads them to destructive paths; Stanley acting abusive and Blanche deluding herself in her fantasies. The polka music is symbolic of Blanches past. Polka music sounds, in a minor key, faint in the distance. The way that Williams has written this implies that it is sad as it is in a minor key and the distant could resemble the past. The Polka music is symbolic of the last dance between Blanche and her husband the young boy or Alan. Blanche also mentions that the polka music ends after the gunshot which refers to the death of her husband at the end of the dance. Williams has used the polka music to resemble any point in the play when Blanche is affected by the death of her husband. The fact that she hears it often indicates that she is haunted by her past. The poker game is largely significant as it takes place during the beginning of the play and at the end of the play. In the first poker game we see that Stanley is losing when Im losing you want to eat? this symbolises the arrival of Blanche and the hard times coming into the household. During the second game Stanley experiences good luck in the game but could resemble the fact that Blanches leaving and hes getting what he wants. Poker is cleverly incorporated since it is a game of bluff and at the end it seems top the audience that Blanche has run out of cards lies to tell. The symbolism used by Williams brings more emotion into the play but also bring greater meaning to the characters actions and to their emotions. Over all it is safe to conclude that the characters that Williams has constructed are complex even though the audiences are given indications to the core of them. The audience are left to decide how to categories the characters in genres of good and bad which is important since everyone has good and bad qualities. There are probably more hidden uses of symbolism in the play which arent apparent as the ones explored in this essay.